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Ganga Mata Gosvamini

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Saci Devi, the only daughter of King Naresanarayana of Puntiya in Rajsahi district (now in Bangladesh), was endowed with a religious temperament from childhood. She became proficient in vyakarana, kavya, and other scriptures at an early age (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.12, purport). Though extremely beautiful, her heart was absorbed in Madanagopala, and she refused all worldly marriage proposals, declaring that she would never marry a mortal (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.13, purport).

After the passing of her parents, Saci Devi temporarily managed the royal administration, but soon renounced all responsibilities and set out on pilgrimage. In Puri, she sought the shelter of a sat-guru, meeting Haridasa Pandita, a disciple of Ananta Acarya. Falling at his feet with tears, she prayed for guidance (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.15, purport).

Haridasa initially advised her to return home to practice bhajana, but Saci Devi, firm in renunciation, continued her devotional service. Gradually, she gave up costly garments and ornaments, and under Haridasa’s instruction went out on madhukari in Vraja, covering herself with a simple tattered garment. Despite her austerity, her grace distinguished her from ordinary women. She bathed in the Yamuna, cleaned temple yards, performed parikrama, attended arati, and listened attentively to devotional discourses (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.17, purport).

Seeing her unwavering devotion, Haridasa Pandita initiated Saci Devi in Radha-Krsna mantra on the thirteenth day of the bright fortnight in the month of Chaitra. She then studied Gosvami sastra under his guidance, becoming thoroughly conversant with Gosvami-siddhanta in a short period (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.20, purport).

Together with Laksmipriya, another ardent devotee of Haridasa, Saci Devi performed Radhakunda bhajana and Govardhana parikrama daily. When Haridasa saw her purity and steadfastness, he instructed her to move to Puridhama (Puri) to continue her devotional service and preach Lord Caitanya’s teachings among the residents (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.23, purport).

In Puri, Saci Devi resided in the dilapidated house of Sarvabhauma Pandita and recited from Srimad Bhagavatam to the devotees. Her recitation and commentaries became widely respected. Maharaja Mukunda-deva, impressed by her discourse, offered her a site near Sveta-ganga. Initially hesitant, she accepted the land following the command of Lord Jagannatha (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.25, purport).

On the auspicious day of Varuni, desiring to bathe in the Ganges, she followed her guru’s instruction to remain in Sriksetra. That night, Lord Jagannatha appeared in her dream and assured her that the Ganges would flow to her. When Saci Devi went to bathe, she was miraculously carried by the waters into the restricted bathing place within the temple premises, fulfilling the Lord’s desire (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.27, purport).

Due to misunderstanding, she was briefly imprisoned, but Lord Jagannatha appeared again to Maharaja Mukunda-deva in a dream, commanding her immediate release. The Maharaja prostrated at her feet, and Saci Devi granted mantra-diksa to him and the priests. From that time she was known as Gangamata Gosvamini, a revered acharya and spiritual guide (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.28, purport).

As a token of devotion, Maharaja Mukunda-deva offered land and daily items of mahaprasada for the Matha of Gangamata. She permitted only two vessels of prasada, one vessel of vegetables, one cloth, and 160 paise to be sent daily after the noon offering. This custom continues to this day (Caitanya-caritamrita Antya 6.30, purport).

Gangamata Gosvamini’s life exemplifies vairagya, pure devotion, and unflinching surrender to guru and Lord Caitanya, serving as a model for devotional service in both Vrndavana and Puri.

Dharmadasa Babaji ( Kamyavana )

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Dharmadasa Babaji was the grand-disciple of Siddha Baba of Kamyavana. He was a native of Orissa and received very little formal education. Despite this, he was extremely humble and never criticized anyone. He often quoted the verse:

“He who chants the holy name with a heart devoid of malice receives the blessings of the Lord and is immediately liberated.” (Cc. Madhya 19.151, purport)

Dharmadasa took charge of serving the deity of Radha-Madana Gopala, previously served by Siddha Baba. Although he was not strictly orthodox in ritualistic observances, he was meticulous about cleanliness. Even in old age, he maintained personal hygiene, cleansing himself after passing urine while standing waist-deep in Vimala Kunda. He resided at the Jagamohana of the temple and performed the mangala-arati throughout the year. To avoid disturbing Madhavadasa Babaji and other sleeping devotees, he did not ring the bell during arati but rang it afterward.

Dharmadasa arranged for seva through bhiksa, but his method was unique: if an ingredient ran out, he would silently stand before a shop and mention the requirement, and the shopkeeper would immediately supply it.

He regularly served the residents of Vraja who visited Vimala Kunda for bathing. He distributed twigs for brushing teeth, tilak, and japa beads, and maintained a fire during winter months for their warmth.

For offering to Madana-Gopala, he accepted vegetables if given; otherwise, he collected wild leafy vegetables and served them along with a few chapatis. Early in the morning, he prepared sweet balls from wheat flour, ghee, and jaggery. Visiting devotees were always welcomed cordially. Dharmadasa prepared extra food in anticipation of unexpected visitors, and if bhoga was insufficient, he divided it equally among all present. Those left out were later satisfied by his madhukari.

Once, Madhavadasa complained that a Babaji staying with them ate onions. Dharmadasa rebuked Madhava, saying: “This place belongs to Siddha Babaji Mahasaya. Our duty is only to serve the visiting Vaisnavas and guests. It is beyond our duty to advise others.”

Long before Madhava dasa arrived, a devotee had died at Dharmadasa’s residence. He distributed the deceased’s clothing to another Vaisnava, unintentionally violating the law requiring government notification. Dharmadasa was summoned and imprisoned for a few days. Unruffled, he remarked, “I have had the opportunity to experience a visit to the kingdom of Yama.” While imprisoned, he was not required to perform labor; wheat flour and pulses were supplied, brahmanas cooked for him, and other prisoners attended to his needs.

Around 1889–1890, Dharmadasa Babaji passed away at nearly one hundred years of age, leaving behind a legacy of humble, selfless service, and strict adherence to devotion and cleanliness.

Sripad Brahmananda Gosvami Prabhu

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Sripada Brahmananda Prabhu, later known as Sri Paramananda, was a fourth-generation descendant of Nandakisora. He established the Sripata of Nityananda Prabhu in Vrndavana. Brahmananda was very handsome, and when he and his cousin-brother Nrisimhananda performed kirtana together, the audience was so absorbed that it seemed as if Lord Caitanya and Nityananda Prabhu were personally present. He was an accomplished kirtaniya, well versed in sastras, and he appreciated these qualities in others.

Under the guidance of the ascetic Vaisnava Golokadasa Babaji, Brahmananda mastered the art of kirtana. When people heard him perform, they left all other work to attend. Distinguished persons and other kirtaniyas became so absorbed that they forgot the time of day. On occasions when kirtana continued until midnight, Brahmananda arranged food for about forty Vaisnavas.

Brahmananda meticulously performed two annual rituals in memory of his parents. During one such occasion, a day-long kirtana recital was arranged, followed by nagara-sankirtana the next day. The first day’s kirtana was led by Krsnadasa Babaji, accompanied by his brother Gauradasa Babaji. At that time, kirtana performed by Gaura and Krsnadasa was considered unparalleled.

When the kirtana ended, Brahmananda escorted Krsnadasa to a separate bed placed alongside his own. Being tired, Krsnadasa quickly fell asleep, and Brahmananda quietly massaged his body. When asked what he was doing, Brahmananda replied that Krsnadasa should concern himself more with the nagara-sankirtana than the massage.

Brahmananda Prabhu was a close friend of Siddha Jagannathadasa Babaji. He was dignified, blissful, devoid of anger, and uninterested in material pleasure. He accepted all food offered to him with love. Prabhupada Premananda once told his disciple Madhavadasaji that Brahmananda had earned more than two lakh rupees, yet he did not keep a single paise for himself.

One day, at Sripata Purulia, as Brahmananda completed his sadhana, he learned that his eldest son had passed away. Though relatives arrived weeping, Brahmananda remained unperturbed, took prasada from the pujari, and continued his bhajana, leaving the family to perform the funeral rites. Thereafter, he never mentioned his son.

Brahmananda was magnanimous. When a devotee committed an act unbecoming of a true Vaisnava, he blamed himself for not properly guiding the devotee. Simultaneously, he ensured the person was separated from others, and if necessary, sent him elsewhere at his own expense.

Once, in Brahmananda Prabhu’s presence, Siddha Krsnadasaji recited Sri Radha’s snana-sringara lila continuously for twenty-four hours.

Sripada Brahmananda Prabhu departed on the fourteenth day of the bright fortnight of Jaistha in the Bengali year 1305 (1898 AD.), leaving behind a legacy of devotion, humility, and selfless service.

Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami

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Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Maharaja was one of ten children born to Bhaktivinoda Thakura, a great Vaisnava teacher in the disciplic succession from Lord Caitanya Himself. While residing at Narayana Chata near the temple of Lord Jagannatha in Puri, Bhaktivinoda Thakura served as a Deputy Magistrate and superintendent of the Jagannatha temple. Despite his official responsibilities, he energetically advanced the cause of Krsna consciousness. Praying to Lord Caitanya for assistance in preaching, he requested a son to continue his mission.

On February 6, 1874, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati was born to Bhaktivinoda Thakura and Bhagavati Devi in Jagannatha Puri. Born with the umbilical cord wrapped around his neck and draped across his chest like a sacred thread, he was considered the answer to his father’s prayers. At six months, he underwent the annaprasana ceremony and was named Bimala Prasada. Soon after, during the Jagannatha festival, the infant spontaneously touched the feet of Lord Jagannatha and was blessed with a garland falling from the Deity, signifying his future as a great devotee.

Bimala Prasada spent his early infancy in Puri and then in Nadia District, Ranaghat, where he absorbed devotional knowledge from his mother. Raised in a strict Vaisnava family, he refrained from eating unoffered food. At the age of four, after a minor incident involving a mango not offered to Krsna, he vowed never to eat mangoes unoffered, a vow he maintained throughout his life. By age seven, he had memorized the Bhagavad-gita and could explain its verses. His father trained him in proofreading and printing for the publication of Sajjana-tosani.

In 1881, during the construction of Bhakti Bhavana at Rambagan, Calcutta, a deity of Kurmadeva was unearthed, and young Bimala Prasada was entrusted with its service. In 1884, his father was appointed senior Deputy Magistrate of Serampore, where Bimala entered Serampore High School. He excelled in writing, inventing the Bicanto script, and studied mathematics and astrology under Pandita Mahesacandra Cudamoni, though his primary interest remained devotional literature.

By 1892, Bimala entered the Sanskrit College of Calcutta, studying philosophy, Vedas under Prithvidhara Sarma, and contributing articles to religious journals. Later, he established an autonomous Catuspathi, publishing journals such as Jyotirvid and Vrihaspati, and by age twenty-five, he was recognized as Siddhanta Sarasvati for his expertise in Sanskrit, mathematics, and astronomy.

In 1895, he served as editor for Rajaratnakara, the history of the Tripura royal family, and educated the Yuvaraja and princes. Observing corruption in state affairs, he renounced worldly employment after three years, maintaining only spiritual pursuits. From 1898, he accompanied his father on pilgrimages to Kasi, Prayag, and Gaya, discussing philosophical topics with learned scholars and increasing his inclination toward renunciation.

At age twenty-six, following his father’s guidance, he sought initiation from Gaurakisora dasa Babaji, a renounced Vaisnava known for strict detachment and austerity. After persistent requests and demonstrating devotion, Bimala received diksa from Gaurakisora Babaji, who instructed him to preach the Absolute Truth and set aside all other work.

In 1900, he accompanied his father on pilgrimages to Balasore, Remuna, Bhuvanesvar, and Puri, lecturing on the Caitanya-caritamrta. Through his father’s efforts, the current of pure bhakti began to flow again, reversing the darkness after Lord Caitanya’s disappearance. Siddhanta Sarasvati contributed to the revival of suddha-bhakti siddhanta, writing numerous books and periodicals, and establishing Namahatta and Prapannasrama centers.

In 1905, he took a vow to chant the Hare Krsna mantra one billion times, residing in Mayapur in a grass hut, performing austerities and chanting day and night. In 1912, he attended a Vaisnava Sammilani in Cossimbazar, preaching suddha-bhakti to learned persons while fasting due to the presence of non-Vaisnava sectarians.

During this period, he opposed prakrita Sahajiya sects misrepresenting Vaisnavism, firmly disassociating from deviated practices and performing bhajana in solitude. Once, Lord Caitanya and the six Gosvamis appeared in vision, instructing him to re-establish Varnasrama and propagate devotional love.

In 1911, he defended the principle that anyone, regardless of birth, can become a Vaisnava, conclusively proving through scripture that qualities, not birth, determine brahminical status. After his father’s disappearance in 1916, and following the instructions of his parents, he continued preaching and editing Sajjana-tosani, establishing the Bhagwat Press in Krishnanagar.

In 1918, he assumed sannyasa at Mayapur, taking the name Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Maharaja. He utilized the printing press as a “brhat mrdanga,” disseminating Krsna consciousness worldwide. He established sixty-four Suddha Bhakti Mathas across India and abroad, and initiated twenty-five learned disciples into Tridandi sannyasa.

He published numerous periodicals, including:

  1. Sajjanatosani (Bengali fortnightly)
  2. The Harmonist (English fortnightly)
  3. Gaudiya (Bengali weekly)
  4. Bhagavata (Hindi fortnightly)
  5. Nadiya Prakasa (Bengali daily)
  6. Kirtana (Assamese monthly)
  7. Paramarthi (Odiya monthly)

A few days before his departure, he instructed his disciples: “Preach the message of Rupa Raghunatha, remain humble and tolerant, glorify Hari constantly, and never abandon bhajana even amidst dangers, insults, or persecutions.”

In the early hours of January 1, 1937, Srila Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Gosvami Maharaja passed away, leaving a worldwide movement dedicated to the service of Lord Caitanya and pure devotional principles.

Bhaktiprasada Puri

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Bhaktiprasada Puri, originally named Ananta, was born on the sixth lunar day of the bright fortnight in the month of Bhadra, 1302 (August 25, 1895), in Sandvipa Hatiya village, Noakhali District (now Bangladesh). He was one of five sons of Bidhumukhi and Rajanikanta Vasu. His elder brother, Yogindra, later became well known as Bhaktipradipa Tirtha Maharaja.

From early childhood, Ananta exhibited a deep love for kirtana and great reverence for the Bhagavata-sastra. By the age of eight, he could recite from memory portions of the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavad-gita. His melodious voice and expert handling of the mrdanga revealed his nitya-siddha Bhagavata-svabhava. At sixteen, he visited Bhaktibhavana, Ramabagan, Calcutta, with his father and Yogindra, where he received the blessings of Bhaktivinoda Thakura, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, and Krsnadasa Babaji.

Ananta completed his Intermediate course at Krsnanatha College, Baharampur, and graduated first class from Calcutta University. After the disappearance of Bhaktivinoda Thakura, he visited Ramabagan in 1918 with Yogindra to meet Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati. Concerned about arguments raised by critics of Vaisnavism, he inquired whether it was possible to demonstrate through sound logic that the conclusions of the Srimad-Bhagavatam represent the philosophy enjoined in the Vedanta.

In 1918, on the appearance day of Lord Caitanya, Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati took sannyasa and established the Sri Caitanya Matha. The deity of Sri Sri Vinodapran was installed, and the following day he gave mantra-diksha to Ananta, Haripada Vidyaratna, and Dhirendra Natha Bandopadhayaya. Ananta received the name Ananta Vasudeva Brahmacari and was later conferred the title Paravidyabhusana by the Navadvipa Pracarini Sabha.

From 1925 onwards, Ananta fully engaged in the service of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati, taking notes of his lectures, performing secretarial work, and traveling with him to East Bengal. A srutidhara, Ananta could recall every explanation of Bhagavata slokas and assist his spiritual master instantly. Fully surrendered, he would not eat without being asked, sometimes going without food for extended periods.

After the establishment of Sri Caitanya Matha, Ananta helped manage the household and selected a house at 1 Ultadingi Road, Calcutta, to establish a center for bhakti propagation. In 1919, a seat in memory of Bhaktivinoda Thakura was installed, and the international court for Vaisnavas was re-established there. During this period, he managed the Sri Bhagavata Press, publishing numerous Vaisnava books, and assisted in composing Vyasa Puja offerings for Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati.

After the disappearance of Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati on December 31, 1936, Ananta was unanimously elected President-Acarya of the Gaudiya Matha and Mission, under the chairmanship of Kunjavihari Vidyabhusan. On the same day, he initiated over one hundred disciples and came to be addressed as Acaryadeva.

In 1937, Acaryadeva traveled extensively, preaching in Dhaka and later in Rangoon, Hardwar, and other places, opening exhibitions, giving lectures, and organizing kirtana festivals. On February 22, 1938, he left for Rangoon with a group of sannyasis, continuing vigorous preaching activities. In 1938, he commemorated the appearance of Bhaktivinoda Thakura in Calcutta with a two-month celebration, delivering lectures throughout the city.

Ananta Vasudeva accepted tridanda sannyasa at Gayadhama in 1939 on the fifth day of the dark fortnight in Asada (1346), receiving the name Bhaktiprasada Puri. After sannyasa, he fully renounced worldly life, wearing only a kaupina, walking barefoot, avoiding metal utensils, sleeping on the floor, and remaining awake on Ekadasi nights. He served Isana Thakura, caretaker of the Jagannatha temple garden, watering and clearing weeds regularly.

Following the Haribhaktivilasa, Bhaktiprasada Puri strictly observed the rituals of the month of Vaisaka (April-May) and introduced observances for Harivasara, Lord Gauranga’s appearance day, Nityananda Prabhu’s appearance, Advaita Acarya’s vrata, and Radhastami. Between 1942–1945, he lectured on Sri Bhakti Sandarbha, and from 1945 onwards published the works of the Gosvamis. In 1954, he appointed Bhaktikevala Audulomi Maharaja as President-Acarya of the Gaudiya Mission and retired to Vrndavana as a complete renunciate.

During his preaching years, he engaged in profound discussions on Daiva Varnasrama Dharma, countering the Sahajiyavada, and highlighting the principles of suddha Bhagavata dharma. In Vrndavana, he was surrounded by devotees such as Bhakti Srirupa Bhagavata Maharaja, Sivadavastava Prabhu, and Vrajasundara Dasa.

On the morning of March 8, 1958, at the Kunjavati of Sri Radharamanadeva, Bhaktiprasada Puri delivered his parting advice:

“Try to be in touch with the Inner Self. Preoccupation with the external world is of no use. Give up egoism and surrender to Krsna. Krsna is the creator, sustainer, and controller. There is no alternative for survival other than self-surrender.”

After instructing the devotees to continuously chant:
Sri Krsna Caitanya Sacisuta Gaura Gunadhama”
Bhaktiprasada Puri passed away, leaving a legacy of strict adherence to devotional principles, preaching, and publication of the Gosvamis’ works.

Balarama Das Babaji Mahasaya

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From the age of twelve years he was engaged in the service of Siddha-baba at Suryakunda.  After eighteen years at Suryakunda Balarama became disenchanted when he discovered that one of the babaji’s in their cottage went out nightly, incognito, to enjoy the performance of music and dance performed by some local girls.  It appeared that the babaji concerned had an unholy relation with one of the dancing girls.  Thus, with due reverence to Siddha baba, Balarama left Vrndavana to settle down at Gauda-mandala.

Balaramadasa established an `Akhara’ to accommodate all visiting Vaisnavas from Vrajamandala and Gaudadesh. He organized programs for the celebration of various festivals every year and made adequate arrangements for everyone’s comfort.  With pleasure he served the Vaisnavas for almost thirty years.  One day he happened to meet a saintly old acquaintance from Sri Vrndavana who revived joyful memories of life in Vraja.  Upon discussing with the devotee, Balaramadasa babaji found out that Siddha baba of Govardhana, Siddha baba of Suryakunda, and many other former associates had all passed away.  In anguish Balaramadasa set out for Vrndavana, leaving behind all his possessions.

He lived a detached life alone in Vrndavana. He carried on with life as a mere formality, eating anything which was offered to him with affection.  Out of the one rupee babaji mahasaya received daily from a retired post master, he spent two paise to buy some puris and cooked vegetables for his evening meal.  He regularly attended kirtana at various places.  He listened to kirtana attentively with deep concentration, but turned a deaf ear to all other conversations around him.  Babaji mahasaya could quote, from memory, verses from Padavali composed by Rayasekhara, and would walk away after kirtana reciting verses from Padavali.

During the later years of his life, at the request of Sri Madhavadasa, Babaji mahasaya gave recitals at his place from  Govindalilamrta, Padakalpataru, and verses composed by Jagadananda Thakura, which Madhavadasa himself attended at times.  Babaji Mahasaya also did Vraja parikrama with Madhavadasa.

Balaramadasa lived in a thatched cottage within the premises of Rajarshi Bahadura, whose mother Babaji mahasaya initiated into vesasraya.

Balram Das Babaji Maharaj

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At the age of forty Balarama received diksha from Siddha Krsnadasa babaji.  Within a short time he mastered the Sanskrit language.  Thereupon he translated Srimad Bhagavatam, in his own handwriting and presented it to Krsnadasa babaji.

He lived an austere, detached life at Jhadumandala in Vrndavana, and expected others to live in the same way.

Balarama’s uncompromising attitude is exhibited in the following story: At one time Jagadanandadasa of Orissa adopted the life of Vaisnava asceticism, under Nityanandadasa babaji of Mandana Mohana Thoura.  Afterwards he visited Balaramadasa and offered his obeisances, still wearing his sacred thread.  Balaramadasa became very annoyed and remarked:  “You have changed your garb yet you retain your sacred thread to display your brahmana caste (ego).”  Feeling very ashamed Jagadananda threw his sacred thread into the Jamuna and returned to Balaramadasa to receive his blessings.  Balaramadasa was a great devotee and commanded reverence from all.

At that time it was the custom to send to all distinguished Vaisnavas and descendants of Acaryas, a notification, twenty four hours in advance, regarding any up-coming nagara-sankirtana programs.  Simply upon receiving such news Balarama’s body automatically assumed a dancing posture and he became absorbed in devotional ecstacy.

He always kept himself at a safe distance from women, never looking upon their faces, nor talking to them.  It is said that sometimes he visited temples in Vrndavana walking blind-folded, with the help of a stick, just to avoid the sight of women.  Once a young servant of Sri Radharamana temple named Madhusudana Gosvami challenged Balaramadasa, asking why such an old, emaciated man was still so afraid of women.  Balaramadasa replied that according to Lord Caitanya, the inherent desire for physical pleasure exists as long as one is still situated within a body of flesh and blood, therefore the association of women must always be avoided.

Prabhupada Nilamani, a Gosvami of Vraja, ordered that whenever any festival was held at his temple a responsible devotee should be sent to deliver two plates of prasada to Balaramadasa’s cottage at Jhadumandala. Only after receiving Balarama’s approval would his devotees accept the prasada.  The prasada was then hung on the wall, inside a wire-net bag and  Balaramadasa would respect the prasada at his will.

On one occasion prasada was brought from Prabhu Nilamani’s temple and kept inside the wire-net bag, as usual.  When Balarama was about to respect the prasada, he looked up and saw that the prasada had become stained with blood, and fresh drops of blood were dripping on the floor.

On receiving an urgent call from Balarama, Nilamani Prabhu quickly came to Jhadumandala and offered his obeisances to Balaramadasa Maharaja.  In great anguish Balarama showed Nilamani the prasada. Nilamani immediately conducted an enquiry, which revealed that the mahotsava at his temple had been performed with finances received from some women of questionable profession from Calcutta.

Another incident connected with prasada which was offered to Balaramadasa on the occasion of a mahotsava is recorded as follows:  Everyday Balaramadasa sat on the bank of the Jamuna at Jhadumandal and recited from the Srimad Bhagavatam before the assembled Vaisnavas of Vraja.  On one such occasion while Balarama was sitting on the Vyasasana giving a lecture, his vision happened to rest upon the breasts of a young woman devotee.  The upper portion of her saree had fallen, exposing her breasts.  Balarama suddenly became physically excited, in utter disgust he abruptly stopped speaking.  He then confessed before his audience that he no longer considered himself fit to be addressed as a Siddha baba.  He declared that he intended to atone for his sin, then and there, by drowning himself in the Jamuna.

His devotees somehow persuaded Balaramadasa not to take such drastic action, but to at least give them time to check back on the source of the prasada from Sri Govinda temple which Balarama had eaten that morning.  After a thorough investigation they found that the festival at the Govinda temple had been organized with donations received from an aged Gosvami-mata from a temple in Bengal, who admitted that the money she donated had been earned in her earlier days through a dishonest profession.  From that very day Balaramadasa never accepted any prasada offered on the occasion of any utsava.

The History Of Mathura At The Time Of Lord Krishna

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Mathura became the capital of the Shurasena Province, which comprised of the modern-day districts of Mathura, Agra, and Firozabad and was ruled by the kings belonging to the Yadava Dynasty. The Yadavas of the Shurasena Province were a confederacy of many clans which included the Vrishnis, Madhavas, Andhakas, and Bhojas, who belonged to the Chandra vamsha ksatriya lineage and ruled from different principalities in and around the province of Shurasena. The Yadavas were all descendents of King Yadu, the illustrious son of Maharaja Yayati, who had ruled from his capital city at Pratisthanpur (Prayag).

The Chandra-vamsha Empire under Yayati stretched from the Narmada River in the south to Hastinapura in the north and all the central regions of Aryavarta lying west of the Ganges were under his control. At the end of Dwapara-yuga, the most prominent King amongst the Yadava clan was Ugrasena Maharaja, who was the king of Mathura at the time of Lord Krishna’s appearance. His eldest son Kamsa, later imprisoned Ugrasena Maharaja and forcibly usurped his father’s throne. The other prominent king at the time was the virtuous Shurasena Maharaja, after whom the Yadava kingdom of Shurasena was named. Shurasena Maharaja ruled from the city of Yadupura, also called Vateshwara (Batasar), located about one hundred kilometers to the south of Mathura and some forty-five kilometers southeast of Agra. The Shurasena kingdom formally covered parts of the modern-day districts of Mathura and Agra in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

Maharaja Shurasena’s son was the celebrated Vasudeva, who married Princess Devaki but just after their wedding they were imprisoned by Kamsa, who according to an omen, feared that a son born to them would kill him in the future. While in Kamsa’s prison cell, Devaki gave birth to a number of children who were all immediately slaughtered by the evil Kamsa. Devaki’s eighth child was Lord Krishna, the Supreme Personality of Godhead and immediately after His birth, He was taken by Vasudeva to the safety of Nanda Maharaja’s home in Gokula where Kamsa could not harm Him. The Shrimad Bhagavatam reveals that Lord Shri Krishna spent the first eleven years of His life living in the rural environs of Gokula Vrindavana, under the care of His foster parents Nanda and Yashoda, before eventually returning to Mathura in order to kill Kamsa, deliver Vasudeva and Devaki from persecution, and restore Ugrasena Maharaja on the throne of Mathura.

Subsequently, after numerous attacks on the city of Mathura by inimical kings and their legions, Krishna established the new city of Dwaraka in the midst of the ocean and relocated the entire Yadava Dynasty to the new city. In the course of His life, Krishna vanquished all the evil demons on earth and during the ensuing fratricidal conflict between the royal cousins, the Pandavas and the Kauravas, known as the Mahabharata war, by His divine will, Krishna removed the great burden on earth created by so many kings and their military forces who were all vanquished during the battle, which left no survivors except the five pious Pandava brothers and a few of their loyal followers.

Then some thirty-six years after the Mahabharata war, in the year 3102 BCE, Lord Krishna disappeared from the vision of the world. According to the Surya siddhanta, Kali-yuga began at midnight on the 18 February 3102 BCE, on the very day that Krishna left the world. Sometime after the departure of Lord Krishna, the Pandavas decided to retire from worldly affairs and leave for the Himalayas to pursue spiritual emancipation. In order to continue the rule of the Chandra-vamsha Dynasty, Yudisthira enthroned Parikshit Maharaja at Hastinapur while Arjuna enthroned Lord Krishna’s great grandson Vajranabha Maharaja as the ruler of both Indraprashta and Mathura.

Mathura Is Located In The Madhuvana Forest

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The Bhakti-ratnakara says, “In the forest of Madhuvana, Mathura Puri is gloriously situated. By performing parikrama at special times one achieves extraordinary fruits.” That the holy city of Mathura is located within the forest of Madhuvana is confirmed by the Puranas, the Ramayana and other Vedic literatures. In the Skanda Purana it is said, “Originally Mathura Puri was the forest of the demon Madhu who was slain by the almighty Shri Hari. O King, nothing is impossible within this Madhuvana of Shri Hari. I am not capable of naming all the holy places situated here.” This verse also confirms that Mathura is located within the forest of Madhuvana. The forest of Madhuvana is glorified throughout the Vedas as the place where Lord Vishnu slew the demon named Madhu. The Puranas say that the demon Madhu established his kingdom here in Madhuvana forest and built a city called Madhu Puri. Eventually, Lord Vishnu appeared in the Madhuvana forest and slew the demon Madhu. After slaying the demon, the Lord became known as ‘Madhusudana, the killer of the demon Madhu’.

Dhruva Underwent Penance in Madhuvana Forest

The Shrimad-Bhagavatam reveals that the sacred forest of Madhuvana was well known to the earliest Aryans and its long history has been recorded in the Vedic scriptures. Although Madhuvana forest and Mathura are both manifestations on the earthly plane of the original Madhuvana and Mathura located in the spiritual world of Gokula Vrindavana, their earthly manifestations have existed since eternity and are mentioned in historical accounts from the period of the first Satya-yuga in the Swayambhuva-manvantara when the demon Madhu established his city here. During the subsequent Raivata-manvantara, the five year old boy-saint Dhruva Maharaja, son of King Uttanapada, performed severe austerities in Madhuvana forest so as to achieve darshana of Lord Vishnu. Dhruva would bathe every day in the Yamuna River at the place now known as Dhruva Ghata in Mathura and then sit in meditation on a nearby hillock now called Dhruva-tila.

Prince Ayu establishes a City at Mathura

According to historians, Prince Ayu, the son of King Pururava, the forefather of the Chandra-vamsha dynasty of kings, is said to have established the first known city at Mathura during the fifth Treta-yuga of the present Vaivasvata-manvantara. Prince Ayu’s father King Pururava ruled all the lands on the western bank of the Ganges and is said to have established his capital city at Pratishthanpur (Prayag). At this time in history the kings of the Surya-vamsha dynasty ruled all the lands on the eastern bank of the Ganges with their capitol city at Ayodhya.

The Vishnu Purana (4.1.17) says, “The descendants of Pururava became kshatriya kings and spread in all directions.” King Pururava was followed on the throne by his son Ayu, followed by his son Nahusha. After Nahusha, his celebrated son Maharaja Yayati ascended the throne of Pratisthanpura in the twelfth Treta-yuga; he was followed by his son Yadu, who became the founder of the famous Yadava Dynasty in which Lord Krishna appeared. The Yadavas of the Chandra-vamsha Dynasty began their rule over Mathura at this time and established a large kingdom known as Shurasena which covered the region around Mathura and Agra. During this period in history, Mathura became one of the most prominent of the famous sixteen ‘Janapadas’ or large ‘urban cities’ of Bharata-varsha that have been mentioned in the Vedas.

Shatrughna Established the Present City of Mathura

The present city of Mathura that we see today has been built over the foundations of the previous city established by Shatrughna, Lord Rama’s younger brother, immediately after he slew the demon Lavanasura, the son of Madhu. In the Vishnu Purana it is said, “This city is named Mathura because here Shatrughna killed powerful Lavanasura, the son of the rakshasa Madhu.” It has been established from various Puranas and the Ramayana that Shatrughna founded Mathura after killing Lavanasura. This is also confirmed by Valmiki Muni in the uttara khanda of his epic Ramayana. During the twenty-fourth Treta-yuga of the Vaivasvata manvantara, shortly after the powerful demon Ravana had been killed by Lord Ramachandra in the Lankan war, Lord Rama sent His young brother Shatrughna to Madhuvana to kill the demon Lavanasura, who was one of the last remaining demons on earth at that time. Shatrughna, after successfully slaying Lavanasura, established the city of Mathura Puri on the banks of the River Yamuna. Shatrughna ruled over the Mathura region and expanded the empire of the Surya vamsa dynasty on the eastern bank of the Ganges.

Adharam Madhuram

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Song Name: Adharam Madhuram

Official Name: Sri Madhurastakam

Author: Vallabhacharya

Language: Sanskrit  

LYRICS

(1)

adharaḿ madhuraḿ vadanaḿ madhuraḿ

nayanaḿ madhuraḿ hasitaḿ madhuraḿ

hṛdayaḿ madhuraḿ gamanaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(2)

vacanaḿ madhuraḿ caritaḿ madhuraḿ

vasanaḿ madhuraḿ valitaḿ madhuraḿ

calitaḿ madhuraḿ bhramitaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(3)

veṇur madhuro reṇur madhuraḥ

pāṇir madhuraḥ pādau madhurau

nṛtyaḿ madhuraḿ sakhyaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(4)

gītaḿ madhuraḿ pītaḿ madhuraḿ

bhuktaḿ madhuraḿ suptam madhuraḿ

rūpaḿ madhuraḿ tilakaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(5)

karaṇaḿ madhuraḿ taraṇaḿ madhuraḿ

haraṇaḿ madhuraḿ ramaṇaḿ madhuraḿ

vamitaḿ madhuraḿ śamitaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(6)

guñjā madhurā mālā madhurā

yamunā madhurā vīcī madhurā

salilaḿ madhuraḿ kamalaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(7)

gopī madhurā līlā madhurā

yuktaḿ madhuraḿ bhuktaḿ madhuraḿ

hṛṣṭaḿ madhuraḿ śiṣṭaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

(8)

gopā madhurā gāvo madhurā

yaṣṭir madhurā sṛṣṭir madhurā

dalitaḿ madhuraḿ phalitaḿ madhuraḿ

madhurādhi-pater akhilaḿ madhuraḿ

TRANSLATION
1) His lips are sweet, His face is sweet His eyes are sweet, His smile is sweet His heart is sweet, His gait is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

2) His words are sweet, His character is sweet His dress is sweet, His belly-folds are sweet His movements are sweet, His wandering is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

3) His flute is sweet, His foot-dust is sweet His hands are sweet, His feet are sweet His dancing is sweet, His friendship is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

4) His singing is sweet, His yellow cloth is sweet His eating is sweet, His sleeping is sweet His beauty is sweet, His tilaka is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

5) His deeds are sweet, His liberating is sweet His stealing is sweet, His love-sports are sweet His oblations are sweet, His tranquility is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

6) His gunja-berry necklace is sweet, His flower garland is sweet His Yamuna river is sweet, His ripples are sweet His water is sweet, His lotuses are sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

7) His gopis (cowherd boys) are sweet, His pastimes are sweet, His union is sweet, His food is sweet, His delight is sweet, His courtesy is sweet — Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

8) His gopas (cowherd boys) are sweet, His cows are sweet His staff is sweet, His creation is sweet His trampling is sweet, His fruitfulness is sweet—Everything is sweet about the Emperor of sweetness!

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